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Veterinary dairy herd fertility service provision in seasonal and non-seasonal dairy industries - a comparison
JF Mee
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2010, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-63-4-230
Abstract: A herd fertility service (HFS) is considered a basic component of modern herd health service provision in dairy industries internationally [7]. A HFS may be defined as a proactive, routine service provided to manage all aspects of bovine fertility, usually by a veterinary practitioner, with emphasis on the herd as the unit of interest, rather than the fertility of the individual animal. The approach is heuristic as well as algorithmic. It is usually provided on an appointment basis, rather than as part of an emergency call, with visits scheduled at appropriate times relative to the herd breeding pattern. The HFS may be part of a larger herd health service provided by the veterinarian [15]. While planned animal health and production has been promoted in Ireland for many years [2,9,10], the level of adoption in veterinary practice is unknown. The models of veterinary HFS provision are quite diverse between dairy industries internationally, often with little communication of ideas or practices between commercial service providers. For example, pharmacological intervention services to achieve pregnancies may be a routine practice on many North American dairies [4] but not in many European dairy herds [1]. Within Europe, contrasting dairy herd management systems operate in different countries resulting in different, largely undocumented, approaches to dairy herd fertility management. This variation in HFS between countries was the motivation for the international surveys reported here. The objective was to elicit veterinary practitioners' views on HFS provision within Ireland and to compare this with two contrasting dairy industries; The Netherlands and Portugal. In Ireland, the majority of dairy cows calve seasonally, primarily in the spring, and are bred in a low-cost, pastoral management system with emphasis on grassland management, and farmer-led fertility management predominates. In The Netherlands and in Portugal, the majority of dairy cows calve all-year-round and
Paratuberculosis sero-status and milk production, SCC and calving interval in Irish dairy herds
Hoogendam K,Richardson E,Mee JF
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2009, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-62-4-265
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of paratuberculosis sero-status on milk yield, fat, protein, somatic cell count and calving interval in Irish dairy herds. Serum from all animals over 12 months of age (n = 2,602) in 34 dairy herds was tested for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using an ELISA. Herds were categorised by sero-status into positive, non-negative and negative, where a positive herd contained two or more positive cows, a non-negative herd contained only one positive cow and a negative herd contained no positive cows. Data at animal, parity and herd-level were analysed by multiple regression using general linear models. Positive herds (mean herd size = 129 cows) and non-negative herds (81 cows) were larger than negative herds (72 cows) (P < 0.01). Negative herds had the highest economic breeding index (EBI), while positive herds had the highest estimated breeding value (EBV) for milk yield. There was no significant effect of paratuberculosis sero-status at animal, parity or herd-level on milk yield, milk fat or protein production, somatic cell count score (SCCS) or calving interval. Negative herds tended to have a lower SCCS than positive and nonnegative herds (P = 0.087). This study only examined the effects of paratuberculosis sero-status but did not examine the clinical effects of Johne's disease at the farm or dairy industry levels.
Demographics of cattle positive for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by faecal culture, from submissions to the Cork Regional Veterinary Laboratory
EKB Richardson, JF Mee, C Sánchez-Miguel, J Crilly, SJ More
Irish Veterinary Journal , 2009, DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-62-6-398
Abstract: Demography of bovine infections caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is poorly defined in Ireland. Disease caused by MAP infection is commonly referred to as Johne's disease (JD) which can affect farm performance through reduced milk production and increased culling [20,25]. Potential links between JD in cattle and Crohn's disease in humans could lead to international barriers to trade in milk and milk products for countries with poor surveillance and control of the disease which has caused concern in Ireland [27,29]. Between 1932 and 1992, 92 MAP cases were reported sporadically in Ireland, primarily in imported animals [1]. Following the removal of pre-importation test certification and post-importation quarantine as a consequence of the introduction of the single European market in 1992, there was a dramatic increase in the number of cattle imported from countries where MAP is endemic within the EU. Between 1992 and 2004, 85,000 cattle were imported into Ireland from continental Europe [1]. In comparison, between 1979 and 1990 only 1,194 potential breeding animals were imported from these countries (Trade Statistics, Central Statistics Office, Ireland 2008). Results from Irish surveys by O'Doherty et al. [26] identified MAP in 36% of the 36 surveyed herds in 1997, and Barrett et al. [1] reported 232 MAP infected animals in 106 surveyed herds between 1995 and 2002. These results are in agreement with international studies [17,19] which suggest that the prevalence of paratuberculosis is increasing in a number of countries and that earlier warnings have not been taken seriously enough [7]. Despite this, there have been no studies published on the temporal trends of MAP infections in Irish herds.Regional veterinary laboratories (RVLs) of the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (DAFF) are used in Ireland to analyse samples for the presence of MAP. Samples with accompanying animal and herd details are submitted by private veterinary
Is Distance Education the Answer to the Nursing Shortage?  [PDF]
Susan Mee
Open Journal of Nursing (OJN) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/ojn.2014.43020
Abstract:

This study examined the effectiveness of distance education compared with campus based learning among nursing students. Distance education in nursing curricula is increasing. Academic nurse leaders must demonstrate the effectiveness of distance learning. This study is unique in that two cohorts, distance learners and campus learners, were taught synchronously by the same faculty member. Quantitative measures of student learning outcomes were compared using SPSS. There were no significant differences in learning outcomes between distance learners and campus learners. This study provides empiric support for distance education as a means to address the nursing shortage.

Characterization of proteins in cryopreserved and non-cryopreserved seminal plasma of dairy bulls of dif-fering fertility  [PDF]
JF Odhiambo, RA Dailey
Open Journal of Animal Sciences (OJAS) , 2011, DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2011.12005
Abstract: Seminal plasma is composed of secretions from accessory sex glands, which are mixed with sperm at ejaculation and contribute the majority of semen volume. Seminal plasma is considered a transport and support medium for sperm in the female reproductive tract. Because seminal plasma is not required for fertilization, the importance of its constituents to the establishment of normal pregnancy has been overlooked. Four seminal plasma proteins, Osteopontin, Sper-madhesin Z13, BSP 30 kDa and Phospholipase A2, have been identified as markers of fertility in dairy bulls (Cancel et al., 1997; Moura et al., 2006, 2007). The objective of the present study was to characterize the expression patterns of these proteins and other proteins found to be of interest in seminal plasma of cryopreserved and non-cryopreserved bull semen. Seminal plasma samples were obtained from 16 mature Hol-stein-Friesian bulls at Select Sires Inc. Samples were divided into two groups based on assigned fertility score expressed as the percentage point deviation (PD) of the bull’s non-return rate (NRR) from the average NRR of all bulls in the Select Sires Inc. reproductive management program. Group 1 (high fertility bulls, n = 8) 1.9 ≤ PD ≤ 2.7%, and group 2 (low fertility bulls, n = 8) -6.5 ≤ PD ≤ 1.8 %. Additionally, the samples were categorized as processed (cryopreserved) or unprocessed (non-cryopreserved) for protein analysis. Protein expression was analyzed by 2-D fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGETM). Protein spots were picked from a reference gel, analyzed by mass spectrometry and, subsequently identified by MS/MS ion searches performed on the SwissProt database. Protein expression did not differ (P > 0.05) with fertility grouping but displayed two distinct patterns among the processing groups: majority of the functional proteins were highly expressed in seminal plasma of non-cryopreserved semen while the cryopreserved semen contained mainly structural/extender derived proteins. Functional proteins identified included Spermadhesin Z13, BSP A1/2, BSP 30 kDa, Nucleobindin-1 and metalloproteinase inhibitor 2. Some of these proteins have been identified as anti-fertility or fertility enhancing agents in males. Whether this alteration in protein expression after processing might affect semen fertility is worthy of further evaluation.
Individual Differences in Recognizing Spontaneous Emotional Expressions: Their Implications for Positive Interpersonal Relationships  [PDF]
Sun-Mee Kang
Psychology (PSYCH) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/psych.2012.312A175
Abstract:

The main purpose of the current study was to introduce the Spontaneous Expressions Recognition Test (SERT), a new thin-slice measure of emotion recognition for normative adults, and demonstrate its relative strengths for predicting positive interpersonal relationships. To explore this question, a semester-long longitudinal study was conducted. In this study, college students were randomly assigned to small research teams and worked together throughout the semester to conduct group research projects. Peer ratings of interpersonal relationships were collected at the end of the semester. The results provided preliminary support for the SERT, by demonstrating its relative strength for predicting positive interpersonal relationships.

Pratiques urbaines et imbroglio spatial : Brazzaville de la fin de la période coloniale au début du XIXe siècle
JF Yekoka
Africa Development , 2010,
Abstract: Née de la volonté coloniale à la fin du XIXe siècle, Brazzaville présente l’image d’une ville artificielle. Son hyper croissance spatiale, qui n’est nullement le résultat d’une quête populaire à optimiser ou à satisfaire le besoin d’habitation, renforce sa fragmentation. Ville macrocéphale, Brazzaville intègre dans son tissu urbain une gamme d’activités (jeux des propriétaires fonciers, petit commerce, petite agriculture, parkings, lavages auto, mara chages, marquages, campagnes d’évangélisation, kiosques de téléphonie mobile, etc.) qui prennent d’assaut l’espace public. Il s’affiche à l’intérieur de ces pratiques une dynamique conflictuelle entre différents acteurs en présence, une course effrénée à l’espace public. Ce qui entra ne l’aliénation de celui-ci. Cette aliénation induit une confusion dans l’administration de l’espace public. Au regard des différents enjeux et aux défis auxquels les pouvoirs publics sont confrontés, en matière d’espace public urbain de Brazzaville, des scénarios sont envisageables dans la longue durée.
Coastal Marine Pollution in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) relative to Recommended Environmental Quality Targets for the Western Indian Ocean
JF Machiwa
Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science , 2010,
Abstract: Pollution surveys were undertaken during 2007 and 2008 in the coastal marine environment of Dar es Salaam and the remote Ras Dege Creek. The objective was to determine the levels of microbial contamination, heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants and compare these with the recommended environmental quality targets (EQTs) for the West Indian Ocean (WIO). Levels of microbial pollution in urban coastal waters off Dar es Salaam were excessive, indicating that water within the port channel was not safe for contact recreation. Seafood from areas adjacent to Msimbazi Creek and the Ocean Road sewer outfall was unfit for human consumption. Conversely, the water quality of Ras Dege Creek was excellent for contact recreation as well as for the collection of seafood. Concentrations of heavy metals, even in the coastal marine environment off Dar es Salaam, were not significantly high compared with the recommended EQTs. Although some persistent organic pollutants exceeded the recommended EQTs in sediment and oysters along the coast of Dar es Salaam, this was not the case at Ras Dege. The lack of sufficient wastewater treatment facilities is the main cause of current levels of some pollution in the coastal marine environment off Dar es Salaam. The implementation of industrial and municipal wastewater management would greatly improve this situation. The results show that the proposed EQTs would constitute appropriate standards for coastal marine water quality in Tanzania.
Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants in Sediments of Dar es Salaam Harbour Prior to Dredging in 1999.
JF Machiwa
Tanzania Journal of Science , 2000,
Abstract: Heavy metals and organic contaminants were analysed in the sediments of the inner area of the Dar es Salaam harbour. Complementary analytical parameters, such as, the organic carbon content and the silt/clay fraction of the sediments showed good positive correlation (r = 0.64). Stations that had high content of fine grain material in the sediment also indicated relatively high level of organic carbon and pollutants. The Florida criteria (MacDonald 1993) for assessment of pollution of tropical marine sediments was adopted in oredr to evaluate the extent of pollution in Dar es Salaam harbour sediments. The Florida criteria is one of the established references for sediment quality assessment. Heavy metals that had concentrations above the Florida no effect level were chromium, copper, lead, mercury and zinc. Mercury exceeded the Florida no effect level (0.1 mgkg-1) at 18 of 22 sampling stations, but the Florida probable effect level (1.4 mgkg-1) was not closely reached at any station. Lead and chromium exceeded the Florida no effect level (21 mgkg-1and 33 mgkg-1respectively) at 15 stations. Copper and zinc exceeded the Florida no effect level (28 mgkg-1and 68 mgkg-1respectively) at 12 and 16 stations respectively. Levels of pollutants in the study area were generally lower than in the sediments of some major harbours of the world. Tanzania Journal of Science Volume 26 (2000), pp. 29-46
Heavy Metal Levels in Paddy Soils and Rice (Oryza sativa (L)) from Wetlands of Lake Victoria Basin, Tanzania
JF Machiwa
Tanzania Journal of Science , 2010,
Abstract: A survey of paddy fields in Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) wetlands was conducted at a wider scale in different locations including closer to mining and within urbanized areas in Tanzania. The objective of the study was mainly to assess the present situation with regard to levels of heavy metals in O. sativa grains harvested locally as well as to set the baseline levels of some heavy metals in paddy fields. The results showed that the levels of Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Zinc and total Mercury in brown rice are generally within the acceptable levels for human food. However, higher concentration of Hg was found in the husks, suggesting the significance of atmospheric dispersal of Hg in the basin. It is also worthwhile noting that all the sampled paddy fields in LVB have heavy metal concentrations within limits for production of safe rice for human consumption.
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